A History of Britain - The Humans Arrive (1 Million BC - 8000 BC) 


Cut off from the rest of Europe by the end of the ice ages and Iowan people found themselves trapped in a battleof the elements for their very survival little did they know that their descendants would eventually unite their Island home and go on to found an empire that would one-day claim ownership of a quarter of the globe. for centuries now people both homegrown and abroad have been fascinated bythe history of Britain even fromtheir earliest schooling British children are taught the great stories of the past here we learn of Henry the eighth and his six wives of the tumultuous events of the Norman Conquest we're taught of the reign of the great Tudor Queen Elizabeth the first and her unfortunate cousin Mary the Queen of Scots we're taught of her son James the first King to rule over all of Britain and a troubled reign of his son Charles who's struggledwith power mint would end in the Civil War as adults we can all remember the names of a king or queen or two and the stories behind many of those men and women are as captivating now as they were in their day but what do we know of those times before there even were kings or queens Britain has been around for a long time and its people have weathered the Ice Ages not to mention competition from wildcreatures and even a foreign invasion or two but going by what many of us are taught in school these times before kings or queens well they might never have happened let's take Stonehenge, for example, we'veall heard about the Stone Age Monument in some form and afew of us might even have been to see it in person but what do we really know about the people who built it or any of the other great Stone Age landmarks and what do we know of the people who came even before them well that's where things get a little complicated you seelooking at history as a succession of kings and queenswhilst a tad predictable at times does have one big advantage and that's that there are plenty of records for us to go by even chronicling earlier times like the centuries when much of Britain was under the the thumb of Rome has one important advantage and that can be summarized in just one-word writing you see thesetimes contain ample written records both of their history and of the day-to-day life of their people there's also some evidence of writing to be foundon the coins of the celts who dominated Britain prior to the arrival of Rome in the first century AD the accounts of their eventual conquerors allow us toreconstruct at least some pictures of the lives of the people who lived in Britain at that time but these surviving written records have somethingin common they all date from just over the last two thousand years now on face value 2,000 years might sound like a while but even this great length of time is only a brief snapshot compared to the time that people have been living in Britain if we had to go on the visible record alone then this time before writing seems to us a dark age with the only evidence of a human activity being in the form of those great Stone Age monuments that stilremain standing that's becauseto the builders of Stonehenge and the people who came before them writing wasn't justa rarity it simply didn't exist few of us today can imagine aworld without some form of written language yet people have lived on this island for farlonger without writing than they have with it before anyone had even thought of kings or countries British farmers were lifting standing stones to mark the passage of the seasons and before we learnt to farm or to tame the walls with which we shared theland hunters were following the trails of the great beasts ofancient Britain and if we go even further back before we ever had the tools to tackle such large prey people were still alive and thriving in Ireland Britain and in fact, theyhave been since before it was even an island to help us understand the beginnings of humanity in Britain we have togo back much further than 2,000 years thankfully there is an easy the starting point you see for a long time there seemed to be an agreement amongst archaeologists that human residency in Britain had a fixed limit this was all down to one single catastrophic event a massive change in the climateof Europe that was fought have made life for the humansin Britain all but impossible it was called the Anglian 450,000 years ago a massive ice advance rolled across the surface of Britain it was so powerful that it reached as faras the Scilly Isles and today itseffects can still be seen in a layout of modern Britain takethe River Thames for example might be surprised to know that this famous River once ran much further to the north before the Anglian intervened to shift its course an extreme change for certain but it could have been much worse other rivers such as the Thames sister the mighty by foam weredestroyed completely by the advancing ice the surrounding countryside would have felt theeffects of this advance - leaving much of Britain as an Arctic desert taken together these effects of the Anglian would have been catastrophic for human life in Britain the fossil record bears this out andfrom what we can tell there will be no evidence of human activity for the better part of the next 50 thousand years but in the last decade or so this idea of a hard limit to human life in Britain has taken somethingof a knock since 2010 new finds along the coast of Britain have been emerging to challenge the theory and from sites on the East Coast a very different vision of Britain's firstarrivals has started to materialize here in Hattiesburgarchaeologists from University College London unearth bones of large mammals dating back over 800,000 years among the fossils of bison giant deer rhinos elephants and even hippo's bones were found that bore the tell-tale marks of sharp stone tools and when it comes to the source of these marks there are only one obvious culprit stone tools found at nearby Pakefield only adds to the evidence for all we know future discoveries might push this date back even further but for the moment we can say with confidence that people were living in Britain almost 1 million years ago but when we say people what do we actuallymean do we mean ourselves the familiar people of modern Britain or do we perhaps meanan older species of which we know far less the former is unlikely it wasn't just that Homo sapiens had yet to reachthe coast of Britain but the best of our current knowledge our own species wouldn't fully evolved for almost half a million years to come instead the people livingin Britain at this time was something quite different for astart they were shorter and more muscular then the average human of todayalso had heavier brows than us along with smaller brain sizes and much stronger teeth and from finds, at places like Boxgrove in West Sussex, we know that they were capable of sophisticated tool-making including the crafting of elegant hand axes on a mass scale and as far as we can tell their name was Homo heidelbergensis yet forall their tool- making proficiency many anthropologists now think that Homo heidelbergensis may not have been quite the hunters that we might expect that's because in the world these early humans inhabited there were far more capable hunters to compete with in addition to the giant deer rhinos and elephants that we mentioned before Britain was home to predators.

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